The shores of Lake Malawi have been inhabited for thousands of years and recent archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of settlements dating back to the late Stone and Iron Ages. The majority of the present population descend from Bantu tribes, who arrived in the region some time before the first Arab slave traders and Portuguese explorers. British colonial settlers and missionaries, men such as the famous Dr David Livingstone, moved into the area in the late 1850s.
With the growth of commerce and cash crops, Malawians migrated towards settlers' estates in search of work. Colonial domination became inevitable and, in 1891, the British declared the country the British Protectorate of Nyasaland. In 1953, the British federated Nyasaland with Northern and Southern Rhodesia (now Zambia and Zimbabwe), but Nyasaland seceded in 1963 following elections which gave Dr Hastings Kamuzu Banda a majority.
In 1964, Nyasaland became independent as Malawi and, two years later, was declared a republic and a one-party state.
In 1971, Dr Banda became President for Life, and during his subsequent reign retained a firm grip of the country, jailing or exiling opponents and attracting criticism for his support of South Africa’s former apartheid regime. By 1993, the ailing Banda was forced to concede political pluralism in Malawi. After the adoption of a new constitution, simultaneous parliamentary and presidential elections were held in 1994.
The ageing Banda and his chief henchman, the much-hated and feared John Tembo, were put on trial for their alleged role in the 1983 murders of four opposition politicians. They were acquitted in December 1995, although investigations into various financial misdemeanours continued. The prosecution of Banda ended with his death in 1997 but Tembo was eventually convicted in 2003.
Abroad, Malawi has aligned itself with the post-liberation government in South Africa, the main political and economic force in the region.
Domestically, the HIV/AIDS pandemic has been the dominant issue: Malawi is one of the worst affected countries with an estimated one million people (just under 10 per cent of the total population) living with HIV/AIDS infection. Traditionally a very conservative society, strongly influenced by Scottish missionaries during the colonial era, Malawi has found it hard to come to terms with its plight.
80% are Christian, 13% Muslim. A recorded 4.3% of the remaining 7% have no religion (1998 census).
Social conventions:Despite the large number of tribal backgrounds in the Malawi population, integration is well established and visitors need not be aware of any social differences. The white population is very small in number. There are some religious differences, most noticeable among the Muslim population and especially as far as alcohol consumption is concerned.
Malawians place emphasis on the importance of shaking hands on meeting and departing. The special handshake, which includes grasping the thumb and putting the other hand on the forearm, is best avoided unless practised. Children and some women may curtsey as a greeting or if being made a presentation. Offering a soft drink to a visitor is common at meetings.
Malawians tend to be conventional rather than casual in their dress, especially in formal gatherings. Modest dress should be worn unless at the beach or playing sport.
English and Chichewa are both official. Chichewa is widely spoken but the language of the business community is English.
