Bangladesh was formerly East Pakistan, a constituent of the original state of Pakistan created by the British in 1947. The two halves of the country were separated by miles of Indian territory, creating an almost certain recipe for political tension.
Disputes over language and political power came to a head in 1970, when the pro-independence Awami League won an overwhelming majority in what turned out to be East Pakistan's last general election. The Pakistani army blocked the Awami leader, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, from taking up the premiership.
The Awami leadership announced East Pakistan's secession, after which the country was rapidly consumed by civil war. The war lasted for most of 1971, and was brought to an end by the intervention of India, which forced Pakistan to surrender. During the next 20 years, the country was overtaken by a succession of military coups along with frequent impositions of martial law and states of emergency.
However, since the beginning of the 1990s, civilian parties have established firm control over the government. Bangladesh's geographical position and topography make it vulnerable to the regional climate, especially storms and flooding, and the government has been forced to make repeated requests for aid from the international community. July 2004 and months following that date bore witness to some of the worst flooding in Bangladesh in years - 800 died as a result, millions were left homeless or stranded and 20 million needed food aid.
90% Muslim, 9% Hindus and 1% Buddhist and Christian minorities. Religion is the main influence on attitudes and behaviour. Since 1988, Islam has been the official state religion.
Social conventions:In someone's home it is acceptable to sit crossed-legged on cushions or the sofa. If a visitor wishes to bring a gift, money must not be given as it may cause offence. Religious customs should be respected by guests. There are severe penalties for possession and trafficking of illegal drugs. Some drugs-related offences are punishable by death. Local women should not be specifically photographed unless it is certain that there will be no objection. Women should wear trousers or long skirts; revealing clothes should be avoided, particularly when visiting religious places. Dress is generally informal for men, though modesty must be maintained. Same-sex relations are illegal.
Photography: In rural areas, people are becoming more used to tourists; however, permission should be requested before photographs are taken of individuals. Do not photograph military installations.
The official language is Bengali (Bangla). English is widely spoken, especially in government and commercial circles. Tribal dialects are also spoken.
